Namibia’s Shark Island – Europe’s push for green hydrogen risks compromising sites of colonial genocide

In September 2025, Namibia will host the Global African Hydrogen Summit. The Namibian government has ambitions to turn the country into a leading producer of green hydrogen for export to markets in Europe and elsewhere. However, the lands and waters now regarded as being essential to Europe’s energy transition are tied to traumatic memories of colonial violence; especially the ocean, which is the final resting place for thousands of Namibians.

As countries around the world transition to renewable energy, an inconspicuous peninsula in Namibia known as Shark Island is positioned to play a key role in the production of so-called ‘green’ hydrogen, which is a proposed alternative to fossil fuels.

However, the peninsula and its waters are at risk of being compromised by proposed port expansions to support the transportation of green hydrogen. Shark Island, near the town of Lüderitz, is now a campsite for tourists.

It is also called Death Island, and was a concentration camp and a site of genocide during German colonial rule from 1884 to 1915. The concentration camp has since been destroyed, leaving little evidence of the violence that occurred there. However, recent international investigations highlight what many Namibians have known and worked on for generations.

GERMANY’S COLONISATION AND GENOCIDE

In 1884, German coloniser Adolf Lüderitz annexed Namibia, intending to finance colonial rule through minerals. Between 1904 and 1908, German colonial forces killed approximately 100 000 people (80% of the Herero and half of the Nama population). The genocide also affected the ≠Nukhoen and the ≠Aonin communities.

During the genocide, those who were not immediately killed were sent to concentration camps, where they were forced to perform manual labour such as working on railways and harbours. This occurred across Namibia, including on the coast: Swakopmund and Lüderitz alone, more than 1 550 Nama people died.

Research agency Forensic Architecture has digitally reconstructed the camps and identified evidence of burial places. On Shark Island, they demonstrate that the port expansion “poses further imminent risk to the site”.

Attention has been given to the land-based component of green hydrogen projects, including the multinational joint venture, Hyphen Hydrogen Energy. But the ocean, which Namibia’s development projects also interact with, is often overlooked as a space of memory, justice and relations. This is in part due to colonial and apartheid histories that erased or excluded people from the coasts and oceans.

During colonial rule, German colonisers incarcerated Namibians offshore aboard ships. They also threw the bodies of those who had died in the concentration camp into the ocean. The local saying “the sea will take you” highlights how the ocean is involuntarily tied to memories of death and trauma.

Namibians have not forgotten the violence that occurred on land and at sea. Local groups are restoring grave sites and establishing memorials. The discussion of recognition, justice and equitable rights and access to the coast and ocean are important for Namibia’s communities and the descendants of those killed during the genocide.

WAVES OF ENERGY COLONIALISM

Green hydrogen has a central role in global decarbonisation ambitions. Namibia is considered an “export production site” for Europe’s future hydrogen economy. This is due to its solar and wind energy potential, and access to the ocean.

Hydrogen can only be produced in Namibia if the infrastructure exists to enable it. For example, hydrogen requires the industrial and transportation infrastructure to get it to international markets. To meet these demands, the Namibian Ports Authority is proposing port expansions at Walvis Bay and Lüderitz, where expansion could have implications for Shark Island and its waters.

Campaigners in Namibia are demanding the government and industry halt the expansion plans on Shark Island, and meaningfully engage with reconciliation. Among them is the Windhoek-based Black Court Studio, where Natache Iilonga, co-author of this article, is the creative director.

These proposed developments signal the continued European dominance in Namibia’s blue and green economy projects. They enable energy colonialism, where the push for green energy continues colonial injustices. European countries and industry perpetuate ecological, social and cultural harm to satisfy their own climate change agendas.

Projects and partnerships between Namibia and European countries like Germany are emblematic of (neo)colonial power relations. While these projects propose to foster cooperation, they also continue to dispossess communities from their lands and waters, and erase environmental and cultural relations.

Through “development assistance”, the German government and non-governmental organisations continue to influence economic projects in Namibia, while avoiding discussions of meaningful reparations for colonial crimes.The land and ocean are not merely passive witnesses to colonial violence. Black Court Studio incorporates the ocean as a dynamic participant in the conversation about these violent histories, and justice and healing. Through community exercises and counter-mapping, the studio explores people’s socio-cultural relations with the ocean.

Together, the studio’s interventions are beginning to re-situate previously erased and forgotten connections with Shark Island. This work also highlights cultural and spiritual relations with the ocean that persist despite this dispossession.

Namibia’s ocean and coasts are not empty spaces to be exploited for the benefit of Europe’s energy future. A deeper understanding of histories, and present day connections, provides lessons for meaningful reconciliation. – The Conversation