Nani oshitya ‘bantu’ itashi shi ti aantu aaluudhe

Johannes Shifela

Oshitya “bantu” oshali tashi dhana onkangala pethimbo lyepangelo lyokatongotongo moSouth Africa nosho wo moNamibia pethimbo ongundu yopapolitika yoNational Party ya li tayi pangele kohi yelelo lyomusamane Daniel F. Malan. Pethimbo ndyoka nomuuyuni wonena oshitya “bantu” osha talika ko kutya otashi ti aantu aaluudhe sho oshitya shokatongotongo, molwashoka

oshali sha longithwa kepangelo lyokatongotongo okutongola aaluudhe kaatiligane. Oshitya shoka oshali sha longithwa mokatendo kElongo lyoBantu komomumvo 1953, hoka tatu ithana “Bantu Education Act of 1953” mElaka lyOshiingilisa Elongo lyoBantu olyali lya nuninwa aalongwa Aasouth Africa aaluudhe nosho wo aalongwa Aanamibia aaluudhe. Ota ku hokololwa kutya olyali ashike tali lalakanene okugandja elongo lyopetameko lyokoonyala lyaahe na (o)ngushu nosho wo okugandja iilongonga yoondjambi
dhopevi.

Molwashoka elongo ndyoka olya li ashike lya nuninwa aalongwa aaludhe, oya tameke taye li ithana kutya elongo lyaaluudhe. Oshiafrikanisa (Oshimbulu) osho ashike shali sha pitikwa okulongwa mosikola pethimbo ndyoka. Omolweyuvonayi nosho wo oshili kutya pethimbo ndyoka aalongwa aaluudhe (Aasouth Africa) aashona ashike ya li haya popi elaka ndyoka oyali nduno ya ningi omunyanyo gwopambili ya holole omayiuvo gawo ya kale taya longwa mElaka lyOshiingilisa ndyoka oyendji olyo haya popi, ihe hamOshiafrikanisa. Oyali ye wete kutya Oshiafrikanisa elaka lyomutondi, ano omukolonyeki. Ota ku hokololwa nokuli yamwe ya kanithila mo oomwenyo momunyanyo ngoka. Oomwenyo dhayo nadhi vululukwe nombili.

Ondi wete aalongwa mboka oku ula Oshiafrikanisa kutya elaka lyomutondi, oye shi uva ko pambambo, oshoka Oshiafrikanisa elaka lyOshaafrika. Nonando li na onziililo yOshidutch (Dutch), olya tamekelwe hali popiwa mOsouth Afrika. Sigo onena elaka ndyoka ohali popiwa ashike miilongo yaAfrica, ngaashi moSouth Africa, moNamibia, moBotswana, moZambia, nomoZimbambwe. Okwa pumbwa woo okukonenenwa onziililo yoshitya “Oshiafrikanisa” tu yelelwe nawa.

Awe, inandi dhi ninga oonde, oshoka dhokana ihadhi gogoka aniwa. Nandi fatulule nduno oshitya “bantu” mekwatathano nonziililo yasho. McCormack (2007, ep.25), ota hokolola kutya oshitya “bantu” oshi na onziilili yoshOshiisizulu (isiZulu), sha za koshitya “abantu” shoka ngele otandi shi toloka mOshiwambo otashi ti aantu/ovanhu.

Osha simana wo okushi ndjandjukununa muutungithi nokugandja omaityo gawo, opo wu yelelwe nawa. Oshitya shoka osha tungwa po kuutungithi uyali: oshitekeli “ba-“ nekota “-ntu.”

Omunyoli oye tuu ngoka ota hokolola ta ti oshitetekeli “ba-“ oshi li pauwindji nongele otandi shi toloka otashi ti oyendji. Omutungilo gwoshitetekeli shoka ohagu kala nduno gwa yooloka shi ikolela kelaka kehe, oshoka omalalaka oge na ominyolelo, nosho wo omitungilo dhiitya dha yooloka.

Opo wu yelelewe nawa, tango natu tale oshitya shoka momalaka gaali gwOshibantu gomoSouth Africa: Oshiisikosa (isiXhosa) nosho wo mOshishitsonga (Xitsonga). Shikesho (2021, ep.8) ota thamuna kutya mElaka lyOshiisikosa oshitetekeli shOshiisizulu “ba-“ osho “aba-“, omanga mOshishitsonga o “va-“. Onkene oshitya “bantu” ngele otandi shi tolokele mOshisikosa otashi kala ngeyi: “abantu”, omanga mOshishitsonga otashi nyolwa ngeyi: “vanhu”. Ekota “-ntu” otali adhika miitya ayihe momalaka gaali. Eyooloko oli li ashike momishangelo, ihe nando oongaawo onkee lya humbata eityo limwe.

Ngaashingeyi natu tale nduno koshitya shoka momalaka gwOshibantu gomoNamibia gane: Oshindonga, Oshikwanyama, Oshiherero (Otjiherero) nosho wo Oshirukwangali (Rukwangali). MElaka lyOshindonga oshitetekeli pauwindji “ba-” shOshiisizulu ngele otandi shi toloka o “aa-” , omanga mElaka lyOshikwanyama o “ova-“. Shikesho okwa tsikile ta tumbula kutya oshitetekeli “ba-“ mOshiherero o “ova-“, omanga mOshilukwangari osho “va-“.

Nena ngele oshitya shoka “bantu” otandi shi nyola momalaka ngoka gane tandi nkotseke ko ashike iitetekeli mbyoka kekota otashi kala ngeyi: mOshindonga “aantu”, mOshikwanyama “ovanhu”, mOshiherero “ovandu” omanga mOshilukwangari “vantu”. Oshayela kutya oshitya shika “bantu” osha kanitha ashike oshitetekeli “ba-“ momalaka agehe gane, ihe ekota “-ntu” omo li li momalaka agehe.

MOshikwanyama ekota “-ntu” ohali nyola ngeyi “-nhu”, omanga mOhiherero hali nyolwa ngeyi: “-ndu”. Omayooloko ngoka oge etwa komishangelo dhomalaka ngoka. Nonande oongawo inaga shendja mosha, oshoka iitya mbyoka oyi na ashike eityo limwe.

Ota ku hokololwa kutya oshitya “bantu” osha longithilwe tango komunawinomalaka Omugermany mOkapa (Cape Town) gwedhina Wilhelm Bleek lwopokati komimvo eyuvilimwe omathelegahetatu nomilongontano (1850s) mehitililokonakono lye lyotango mokuyelekanitha omalaka gOshibantu nogOshihotentota (Hottentot). Molwashoka aapopi yomalaka gwOshibantu kaya li ye na uuyelele nkene omalaka gayo ga pambathana nosho wo oshitya shoka tashi ithanwa omalaka ngoka ga pambathana, omunawinomalaka nguka (Wilhelm Bleek) okwa hogolola nduno oshitya shi tashi holoka momalaka agehe gwOshibantu momukalo gumwe nenge gulwe, shi ikolela komitumbulilo dhomalaka ngoka.

Okwa hogololo nduno oshitya “abantu” shoka tashi ti aantu/ovanhu/ovandu/vantu ngaashi tashi tolokwa okuza kOshiisizulu (Maho, 1998 & Haacke, Kavari, Mbenzi, naNamaseb, 2009). Ongundu yomalaka ngoka okweyiluku nduno “bantu”, molwashoka ekota “-ntu” otali adhika momalaka agehe gwOshibantu ngaashi tashi kolekwa muShikesho (2021, ep.3) kuHaacke, Mbenzi, Kavari naNamaseb. Mompito ndjika onde ku pe ashi iiholelwa momalaka gOshibantu omashona, oshoka ngele ondeshi ndjondjomona momalaka agehe gOshibantu itandi mana.

Shi ikolela kuuyelele wa tetekele, osha yela kutya oshitya “bantu” itashi ti aantu aaluudhe sho kashi shi oshitya shokatongotongo, ihe oshitya shomoshikondo shomalaka hashi ithanwa ongundu yomalaka gwOshibantu. Oshi hokithi osho shoka kutya uuna aapopi yomalaka gOshibantu taya popi ohaa iyuvu, oshoka omofolohi, osintakisi nosemantika yomalaka gayo oyi lyaathane popepi. Eyooloko oli li ashike unene momitumbulilo nomitono nosho wo iitya yimwe po iishona mbyoka ihaayi adhika momalaka oogamwe nenge yi na omayityo gi ili momalaka ngoka.

Okuya pehulilo mpaka ota ku vulu okukoleke kutya shimwe shomwaambyoka tayi e ta euvoko eshona koshitya “bantu” mokati koshigwana shaNamabia omolwashoka momavalelwamolaka getu kamu na omambo gonzililo yiitya. Osha simana nduno aanawinomalaka tu imange uukuuni kumwe tu nyole omambo gonziililo yiitya, oshoka aniwa ihadhi gwanene omutse gumwe.

  • Johannes Shifela omunyoli nomunawinomalaka. Ota kwatathanwa na ye ko-email tayi landula: shifelajohannes@gmail.com

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